Posted by: admin in Uncategorized on June 21st, 2010

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Posted by: admin in Uncategorized on June 21st, 2010

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Posted by: admin in Uncategorized on June 7th, 2010

As part of the development of e-market places, contract manufacturers have been actively supporting new Application Service Providers (ASP) in the electronics design field. Their software concepts go beyond mere part-trading. Design-ASPs develop database systems which integrate parts purchasing with the design process and product introduction at the assembly-line level. Start-up companies like Silicon Valley-based Spin Circuit are promoting data-exchange systems for the design of printed circuit boards and hardware, bringing together OEMs, parts producers, distributors, and contract manufacturers. These design gateways promise seamless interfaces between product designers, manufacturing engineers, and parts suppliers who all will become part of a single internet-based exchange system. Design engineers may even be able to change their product lay-outs according to the cost and availability of parts tracked in online-databases. Some contract manufacturers are heavily supporting start-ups in this field because early participation seems to offer the opportunity to control crucial nodes in global Internet-based manufacturing networks.

The future impact of the integration of component design and trade on supplier networks and on manufacturing and engineering work is still difficult to assess. The suggestion seems plausible, however, that global electronics parts and component markets will foster the de-localization of sourcing relationships which is already characteristic for the contract manufacturing industry. On the labor side, we may expect substantial rationalization of engineering work, an increased separation of product and process engineering, and a diminished role for personalized cooperation between product and manufacturing engineers within local industry-networks. In qualitative terms, engineering work may become still more oriented towards non-technical, commercial factors like cost and parts availability. It may also mean increased competition for engineers in developed countries from outsourcing of engineering work to low-cost regions. However, such a development will mainly reinforce existing trends, since contract manufacturers are actively making use of local engineering talent which in some locations, especially in Eastern Europe, is widely available.

Posted by: admin in Uncategorized on June 7th, 2010

The unique characteristics of manufacturing work in the CM industry rather result from the nature of integration into the global value chains of the IT-industry. Some basic characteristics of CM-work can be summarized as follows:

  • “Work without a product”: as CM-plants do not manufacture their “own” products, quality management and workplace control has to be refocused on customer orientation. Manufacturing has to be organized as “service work”;

  • Relatively low wages with high variable proportions: as most CM-plants are located in low-cost areas, manufacturing wages and benefits are rather modest, and bonus-oriented pay-systems (including stock ownership and options) have to ensure customer orientation;

  • Labor flexibility: The constant and very rapid change in production volumes is managed by an extensive use of various kinds of flexible employment.

  • Quality management based on restricted teamwork: in most plants there is an ideology of “team orientation”, but no formal structure of work groups etc., as known from team concepts in other industries; and

  • A heavy reliance on women and minority workers: as in most areas of electronics manufacturing, the majority of the manufacturing workforce is female. In the U.S., in California in particular, the workforce is mainly recruited from ethnic minorities in disadvantaged labor market positions.

Posted by: admin in Uncategorized on June 3rd, 2010

The use of TRIS causes concern for some users. The Microchip data sheets recommend not using TRIS instructions for upward compatibility. If you had existing ASM code and it used TRIS then it would be more difficult to port to a new Microchip part without TRIS. C does not have this problem, however; the compiler has a device database that indicates specific characteristics for every part. This includes information on whether the part has a TRIS and a list of known problems with the part. The latter question is answered by looking at the device errata.


CCS makes every attempt to add new devices and device revisions as the data and errata sheets become available.
PCW users can edit the device database. If the use of TRIS is a concern, simply change the database entry for your part and the compiler will not use it.

Posted by: admin in Uncategorized on May 31st, 2010

The list file is produced to show the assembly code created for the C source code. Each C source line has the corresponding assembly lines under it to show the compiler’s work. The following three special cases make the .LST file look strange to the first time viewer. Understanding how the compiler is working in these special cases will make the .LST file appear quite normal and very useful.Some of the code generated by the compiler does not correspond to any particular source line. The compiler will put this code either near the top of the program or sometimes under a #USE that caused subroutines to be generated.


2. The addresses are out of order.

The compiler will create the .LST file in the order of the C source code. The linker has re-arranged the code to properly fit the functions into the best code pages and the best half of a code page. The resulting code is not in source order. Whenever the compiler has a discontinuity in the .LST file, it will put a * line in the file. This is most often seen between functions and in places where INLINE functions are called. In the case of a INLINE function, the addresses will continue in order up where the source for the INLINE function is located.


3. The compiler has gone insane and generated the same instruction over and
over.

Posted by: admin in Uncategorized on May 28th, 2010

Embedded developers have certain needs of their development tools in order to accomplish their jobs. For logic analysis the basic needs are:


1. To access instruction trace information with acceptable impact to the system under development. The developer needs to be able to interrogate and correlate instruction flow to real world interactions.


2. To retrieve information on how data flows through the system with acceptable impact to the system under development, and to understand what system resource(s) are creating and accessing data

3. To assess whether embedded software is meeting the required performance with acceptable impact to the system under development


Posted by: admin in Uncategorized on May 24th, 2010

A switched-mode power supply, switching-mode power supply or SMPS, is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator. While a linear regulator maintains the desired output voltage by dissipating excess power in a “pass” power transistor, the SMPS rapidly switches a power transistor between saturation (full on) and cutoff (completely off) with a variable duty cycle whose average is the desired output voltage. The resulting rectangular waveform is low-pass filtered with an inductor and capacitor. The main advantage of this method is greater efficiency because the switching transistor dissipates little power in the saturated state and the off state compared to the semiconducting state (active region). Other advantages include smaller size and lighter weight (from the elimination of low frequency transformers which have a high weight) and lower heat generation from the higher efficiency. Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high amplitude, high frequency energy that the low-pass filter must block to avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI), and a ripple voltage at the switching frequency and the harmonic frequencies thereof.

Posted by: admin in Uncategorized on May 20th, 2010

Ingredients:

  • 5 ripe bananas
  • 3/4 cup sugar
  • 1 tsp cardamom
  • 3 tsp ghee
  • Cashews for garnishing

Method:

  • Mash the bananas using a fork or knife. It does not matter if there are small amounts of banana lumps. This will get cooked eventually.
  • Now take a heavy bottom pan. Heat it to medium and add little ghee and add the mashed bananas to this heated pan.
  • At this stage, stir the mixture at regular intervals making sure that it does not get burnt at the bottom.
  • After about 15 minutes or so add the sugar and little ghee. Continue stirring it till it turns dark brown and it starts leaving the bottom of the pan.
  • After about 35 minutes or so it forms a combined mass with rich brown color.
  • Reduce the flame and add the cardamom powder. Be careful as the mixture sticks to the bottom.
  • Grease a plate with little oil and keep aside. Pour the mixture into this plate, level it and allow it to cool. When its almost cool cut into desired shapes.

Posted by: admin in Computers, Uncategorized on May 12th, 2010
  1. The Physical Layer describes the physical properties of the various communications media, as well as the electrical properties and interpretation of the exchanged signals. Ex: this layer defines the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, the type of BNC connector used, and the termination method.
  2. The Data Link Layer describes the logical organization of data bits transmitted on a particular medium. Ex: this layer defines the framing, addressing and check summing of Ethernet packets.
  3. The Network Layer describes how a series of exchanges over various data links can deliver data between any two nodes in a network. Ex: this layer defines the addressing and routing structure of the Internet.
  4. The Transport Layer describes the quality and nature of the data delivery. Ex: this layer defines if and how retransmissions will be used to ensure data delivery.
  5. The Session Layer describes the organization of data sequences larger than the packets handled by lower layers. Ex: this layer describes how request and reply packets are paired in a remote procedure call.
  6. The Presentation Layer describes the syntax of data being transferred. Ex: this layer describes how floating point numbers can be exchanged between hosts with different math formats.

The Application Layer describes how real work actually gets done. Ex: this layer would implement file system operations.

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