Embedded developers have certain needs of their development tools in order to accomplish their jobs. For logic analysis the basic needs are:

1. To access instruction trace information with acceptable impact to the system under development. The developer needs to be able to interrogate and correlate instruction flow to real world interactions.

2. To retrieve information on how data flows through the system with acceptable impact to the system under development, and to understand what system resource(s) are creating and accessing data

3. To assess whether embedded software is meeting the required performance with acceptable impact to the system under development

A switched-mode power supply, switching-mode power supply or SMPS, is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator. While a linear regulator maintains the desired output voltage by dissipating excess power in a “pass” power transistor, the SMPS rapidly switches a power transistor between saturation (full on) and cutoff (completely off) with a variable duty cycle whose average is the desired output voltage. The resulting rectangular waveform is low-pass filtered with an inductor and capacitor. The main advantage of this method is greater efficiency because the switching transistor dissipates little power in the saturated state and the off state compared to the semiconducting state (active region). Other advantages include smaller size and lighter weight (from the elimination of low frequency transformers which have a high weight) and lower heat generation from the higher efficiency. Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high amplitude, high frequency energy that the low-pass filter must block to avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI), and a ripple voltage at the switching frequency and the harmonic frequencies thereof.

Ingredients:

• 5 ripe bananas
• 3/4 cup sugar
• 1 tsp cardamom
• 3 tsp ghee
• Cashews for garnishing

Method:

• Mash the bananas using a fork or knife. It does not matter if there are small amounts of banana lumps. This will get cooked eventually.
• Now take a heavy bottom pan. Heat it to medium and add little ghee and add the mashed bananas to this heated pan.
• At this stage, stir the mixture at regular intervals making sure that it does not get burnt at the bottom.
• After about 15 minutes or so add the sugar and little ghee. Continue stirring it till it turns dark brown and it starts leaving the bottom of the pan.
• After about 35 minutes or so it forms a combined mass with rich brown color.
• Reduce the flame and add the cardamom powder. Be careful as the mixture sticks to the bottom.

• Grease a plate with little oil and keep aside. Pour the mixture into this plate, level it and allow it to cool. When its almost cool cut into desired shapes.

1. The Physical Layer describes the physical properties of the various communications media, as well as the electrical properties and interpretation of the exchanged signals. Ex: this layer defines the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, the type of BNC connector used, and the termination method.
2. The Data Link Layer describes the logical organization of data bits transmitted on a particular medium. Ex: this layer defines the framing, addressing and check summing of Ethernet packets.
3. The Network Layer describes how a series of exchanges over various data links can deliver data between any two nodes in a network. Ex: this layer defines the addressing and routing structure of the Internet.
4. The Transport Layer describes the quality and nature of the data delivery. Ex: this layer defines if and how retransmissions will be used to ensure data delivery.
5. The Session Layer describes the organization of data sequences larger than the packets handled by lower layers. Ex: this layer describes how request and reply packets are paired in a remote procedure call.
6. The Presentation Layer describes the syntax of data being transferred. Ex: this layer describes how floating point numbers can be exchanged between hosts with different math formats.

The Application Layer describes how real work actually gets done. Ex: this layer would implement file system operations.

Ethernet Controller Features:

• IEEE 802.3 compatible Ethernet controller

• Integrated MAC and 10BASE-T PHY

• Supports one 10BASE-T port with automatic polarity detection and correction

• Supports Full and Half-Duplex modes

• Programmable automatic retransmit on collision

• Programmable padding and CRC generation

• Programmable automatic rejection of erroneous packets

• SPI Interface with clock speeds up to 20 MHz

Buffer:

• 8-Kbyte transmit/receive packet dual port SRAM

• Configurable transmit/receive buffer size

• Hardware-managed circular receive FIFO

• Byte-wide random and sequential access with auto-increment

• Internal DMA for fast data movement

• Hardware assisted checksum calculation for various network protocols

Medium Access Controller (MAC) Features:

• Supports Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast packets

• Programmable receive packet filtering and wake-up host on logical AND or OR of the following:

- Unicast destination address

- Multicast address

- Broadcast address

- Magic Packet™

- Group destination addresses as defined by 64-bit hash table

- Programmable pattern matching of up to 64 bytes at user-defined offset

Physical Layer (PHY) Features:

• Loop back mode

• Two programmable LED outputs for LINK, TX,

RX, collision and full/half-duplex status

Operational:

• Six interrupt sources and one interrupt output pin

• 25 MHz clock input requirement

• Clock out pin with programmable prescaler

• Operating voltage of 3.1V to 3.6V (3.3V typical)

• 5V tolerant inputs

• Temperature range: -40°C to +85°C Industrial, 0°C to +70°C Commercial (SSOP only)

• 28-pin SPDIP, SSOP, SOIC, QFN packages

The HTTP Server included with this application note is implemented as a cooperative task that co-exists with the Microchip TCP/IP Stack and the user’s main application. The Server itself is implemented in the source file “HTTP.c”, with a user application implementing two callback functions. The demo application source file “Websrvr.c” file should be used as a template application to create the necessary interfaces. The HTTP Server provided here does not implement all HTTP functionality; it is a minimal server targeted for embedded system. The user can easily add new functionality as required.

The HTTP Server incorporates these main features:

Supports multiple HTTP connections.

Contains a simple file system (MPFS).

Supports Web pages located in either internal  program memory or external serial                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                EEPROM.

Includes a PC-based program to create MPFS images from a given directory.

Supports the HTTP method “GET” (other methods can be easily added).

Supports a modified Common Gateway Interface (CGI) to invoke predefined functions from within the remote browser.

Supports dynamic web page content generation.

There is nothing new about implementing TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) on Microchip microcontrollers. Interested developers can easily find many commercial and non-commercial implementations of TCP/IP for Microchip products. This application note details Microchip’s own freely available implementation of the TCP/IP stack. The Microchip TCP/IP Stack is a suite of programs that provides services to standard TCP/IP-based applications (HTTP Server, Mail Client, etc.), or can be used in a custom TCP/IP-based application. To better illustrate this, a complete HTTP Server application is described at the end of this document and is included with the stack’s source code archive. The Microchip TCP/IP Stack is implemented in a modular fashion, with all of its services creating highly abstracted layers. Potential users do not need to know all the intricacies of the TCP/IP specifications to use it. In fact, those who are only interested in the accompanying HTTP Server application do not need any specific knowledge of TCP/IP. This application note does not discuss the TCP/IP protocols in depth. Those who are interested in the details of the protocols are encouraged to read the individual Request for Comment (RFC) documents.

In  a  properly  configured  Ethernet  connection,  the TX port  of  one  node  is  connected  to  the  RX  port  of  the other node, and vice-versa. In star topology UTP Ethernet networks, this crossover is typically done in the switch/hub/router’s connection to the Ethernet jack.  As a result, most UTP Ethernet cables have a 1-to-1 pin mapping between the connectors on the ends of the cable. Cables of this type are commonly referred to as .straight-through cables. However, a different type of cable exists, called a .crossover cable. This type of cable internally crosses the TX and RX port on one end of the cable to the RX and TX port on the other end of the cable, respectively. This type of cable allows two end Ethernet devices to communicate with each other when directly connected as a point-to-point network.  Additionally, crossover cables allow a switch/hub/router to communicate with another switch/hub/router.  Using  an  incorrect  cable type  will  not  damage  compliant  Ethernet  nodes,  but neither node will be able to communicate or detect a link. To eliminate cabling mismatches and reduce consumer frustration, a feature called auto-crossover may option- ally be implemented in a node. When implemented, an auto-crossover  capable  node will  automatically  swap its  TX/RX  pins  between  TX  and  RX  until  a  link  is established. In this manner, either a crossover or patch cable may be used with the node with the same results. It  is  only  necessary  that  one  node  in  a  linked  pair implement  auto-crossover.  Most modern switches, routers, etc., implement auto-crossover.

The concept of living a healthy life is striking the brains of almost everyone who wants to live their life with good health and long life. This is a good thing but people become lazy to start up things for a healthy life. The most important thing to achieve a healthy life is to eat nutritional foods.

Just maintain a balanced diet of nutritional foods. Diet is different from eating healthy, keeping the practice of having healthy foods will reduce the risk of getting more health problems. Proper healthy food will lower the chances of getting obesity, heart problems, type 2 diabetes and so on. Attaining healthy life will increase your energy level and stamina, thereby you can enjoy your life which you were unable to do in your past unhealthy life. Fruits and vegetables are ignored in our food, this leads to poor diets. To have fruits and vegetables in our food is a general advice but let this be a reminder for a healthy life. We mostly interested and committed in eating meat. We should try to limit the amount of meat we intake. Do not deny eating meat as it contains proteins but be in control of the amount you eat.

Eating alone will not mean a healthy life, most importantly physical activities must be included to keep our body fit and energetic. Physical activities does not mean the rigorous workouts in the gym, it can be walking, jogging, swimming, playing tennis, badminton and some other outdoor games which you are comfortable with. Using stairs instead of lifts is also a physical activity. Keeping our mind calm and active is also important for a healthy life. Meditation and yoga will give your mind more strength. Eating healthy foods, doing physical activities and keeping the mind strong will make your life a healthy one with good health and exposure in enjoying the life.

Palau (puhl OW) is a small island country in the western Pacific Ocean. It has about 200 islands. Palau is about 500 miles (800 kilometers) east of the Philippines. It is part of a large island group called Micronesia (MY kruh NEE zhuh). Koror is the capital city of Palau.

Most of Palau is surrounded by a coral reef, and underwater hill made of the skeletons of may tiny animals. The northern islands were formed by volcanoes. They have rich soil and thick forests. The southern islands are mostly coral rock.

Most of Palau’s people are related to the first people who settled there thousands of years ago. About two –thirds of the people live on Koror Island. They speak Palauan and English. Most of the people are Christians. The rest follow a local religion that keeps its old traditions.

Many people in Palau work for the government. The others are mostly farmers who live in small villages. They raise barely enough food to earn a little money. Some people fish for a living. Tuna is an important product. Tourism, or showing visitors the country, is important to Palau.

The first people arrived in Palau at least 4,000 years ago. They probably came from Southeast Asia. In the late 1800’s, Spain ruled Palau. Then Germany took control. After World War I (1914-1918), Germany lost the islands. Japan controlled Palau until he end of World War II (1939-1945). Then the United States took over. Palau became independent in 1994.